Dark matter: Dark matter

The invisible matter of the universe (Dark matter) is that plasmatic matter of the big bang, which evolved to the solid-state Ionic (crystalline).

This article proposes that if all matter originated from a plasma, and most of the matter which originated from this plasma cannot be seen, then according to this work, the plasma had to have evolved, the nature teaches us that any substance changing conditions of temperature or pressure, can evolve between various states of aggregation without that happens a change in its composition. We know that this class of conditions were in the universe while expanded and cooled, so that this plasma will change of state, now as this change is not of composition, and plasma are composed mostly of ions, then this plasma could have evolved to the condition of ionic crystals, which by their known characteristics, cannot be observed with the astronomical instruments today.

The razor of Ockham. Methodological principle:

"On equal terms, the simplest explanation is usually the most likely".

Introduction;

In the origin of the universe everything was a big plasma and The theory of the Big Bang consists of the fact that the universe that earlier was a singularity infinitely dense, mathematically paradoxical, with a very high temperature, of a given moment exploited beginning to expand, a large amount of energy and matter separating everything, until now.

The Universe, after the Big Bang, the universe started to cool down, and to expand, this cooling produced so much energy began to stabilize.

The entire universe of agreement science is composed of 5% ordinary matter, 25% of matter called dark, and 70% still more complicated of something called dark energy.

Now the greater part of the 5% of the ordinary matter, had not been able to be detected by scientists, and it was only observed most of the material that is in state plasma another in the form of gas, as the stars ,the clouds and dust that shine in the outer space, but a new study led by scientists from the Center for Studies in Physics of the cosmos of Aragon, based on the measures of the Cosmic Microwave Background space telescope Planck, researchers have been able to find out where he was hiding a good part of that "ordinary matter loss", which according to the study is in a gaseous state, in the form of clouds in space.

Dark matter is known that it exists because several calculations have shown that all the matter and energy that we know is very low in relation to which should exist so that the Big Bang is correct. By which postulated the existence of a hypothetical matter to fill the void, is the call which dark matter, since it does not interact with any of the nuclear forces (force weak and strong) and or electromagnetism, only with the gravitational force.

Characteristics of dark matter; An important tool to detect dark matter is the gravitational lensing. These lenses are an effect of general relativity that predicts the dynamics that depends on the masses.

In strong lenses, curved distortion observed galaxies in the background, when light passes through a gravitational lens, has been observed around a little distant cluster as Abell 1689. Measuring the geometric distortion, you can get the mass of the cluster causing the phenomenon. In dozens of cases where this measurement has been made, obtained Mass-light relations correspond to the measurements of dynamic dark matter in clusters.

During the last ten years is has developed a technique - perhaps more convincing - called weak lenses that measures the distortions of galaxies at a microscale at large distances due to background using statistical analysis objects.

The Wimp as dark matter particles; Alleged anomalies in the particles of the standard model of physics gave rise to a theory known as with supersymmetry, and within this theory is the particle of the dark matter known as wimp.

Supersymmetry, developed to fill gaps in our understanding of known particles and forces, postulates that each fundamental particle has a yet-to-be-discovered superpartner. It turns out that the lightest one of the bunch has properties that make it a top contender for dark matter.

“The lightest supersymmetric WIMP is stable and is not allowed to decay into other particles.[i]

This theory originated that many scientists look for ways to detect such particles, for which they were designed many experiments, all this work did not yield its fruits after years of work, and to complete the anomaly that predicted new particles and their behavior in accord with the anomaly, which could trigger a new physics, does not exist.

New data from ultra high-speed proton collisions at Europe's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) showed an exotic particle dubbed the "beauty quark" behaves as predicted by the Standard Model.

Previous attempts at measuring the beauty quark's rare transformation into a so-called "up quark" had yielded conflicting results. That prompted scientists to propose an explanation beyond the Standard Model—possibly supersymmetry.[ii]

What is plasma? In physics and chemistry, called plasma; to the fourth State of aggregation of matter, a fluid similar to the gaseous state but where the proportion of its particles are electrically charged and have no balance electromagnetic, that are good electrical conductors and their particles respond strongly to electromagnetic interactions of long range.

Plasma presents characteristics that do not occur in solids, liquids, or gases, so it is considered another State of aggregation of matter. As gas, plasma does not have a form or volume, unless it is enclosed in a container; But unlike the gas in that there are no important collective effects, plasma under the influence of a magnetic field can form structures such as filaments, beams and double layers. Atoms in this State move freely; higher temperature more quickly move atoms in the gas, and at the time of collision speed is so high that a detachment of electrons occurs.

Plasma is the State of aggregation most abundant nature, and most of the matter in the visible universe is in the plasma state.

Any substance or mixture, modifying its conditions of temperature or pressure, can get different states or phases, called states of aggregation of matter, in relation to the binding forces of the particles (molecules, atoms or ions) that constitute it.

In physics and chemistry is called state change to the evolution of matter between several States of aggregation without change to occur in its composition. The three states most studied and common on Earth are the solid, liquid, and gaseous; however, the state of aggregation most common in the Universe is plasma, material of which they are composed the stars (if the dark matter is discarded).

The processes in which a state of matter changes to another while maintaining a similarity in its composition are;

Fusion: Is the passage of a solid to the liquid state by means of heat;

Solidification: It is the passage of a liquid to solid through the cooling ,Steaming and boiling point: are the physical processes in which a liquid flows into a gaseous state.

Condensation: Is called condensation to the change of state of matter that is passed of gaseous form to liquid form. It is the reverse process to vaporization.

Sublimation: is the process which consists in the change of state of the solid matter to a gaseous state without passing through the liquid state. To the reverse process is called Sublimation reverse; that is, the direct passage of the gaseous state to solid state. A classic example of substance capable of sublime is the dry ice.

Deionization: Is the change of plasma to gas.

Ionization: Is the change from gas to plasma.

A crystal is a symmetrical arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in a three-dimensional model repetitive.

The crystals are formed by atoms, ions and molecules. We can classify the crystals into four types according to the class of particles which make up the crystal and the forces holding them together (Mortimer,1983).

The Ionic crystals. Positive and negative ions are supported in the Crystal network for electrostatic attractions. Because the forces are strong, ionic substances have high melting points. Ionic crystals are hard and brittle. Due to the movement of an ion on another plane, ions with the same charge repel each other. The crystal breaks into pieces; these are good conductors of electricity when molten or in solution (Mortimer, 1983).

The molecules crystals, the molecules are in positions of network or cross-linking in the crystals of the compound covalent bonding. Intermolecular forces that hold the molecules in the crystal structure are not as strong as electrostatic forces that hold together the ionic crystals. A few molecular compounds are dispersed very slightly and produce low concentrations of ions. (Mortimer,1983).

Networks crystal, the atoms occupy positions of the reticulum and are united by a network of covalent bonds. All the crystal can be seen as a giant molecule. The diamond is an example of this type of crystal. The materials of this type have melting points high and are extremely hard due to the large number of covalent bonds that would have to break for destroying the crystalline structure (Mortimer,1983).

Metallic crystals, their outer electrons of the metal atoms are weakly held and move freely through the metallic crystal. The rest of the metal atoms, positive ions, occupy positions on the crystal (Mortimer, 1983).

The negative cloud of electrons that move freely, sometimes called sea of electrons, or electronic gas keeps next to the crystal. This binding force is called metal link (Mortimer, 1983).

The razor of Ockham (sometimes spelled Occam or Ockam), economy or principle of parsimony (lex parsimoniae), is a philosophical and methodological principle attributed to the philosopher, Franciscan friar and Scholastic logic William of Ockham (1280-1349), according to which:

"On equal terms, the simplest explanation is usually the most likely".

Results;

We understand according to the big bang theory, that all the matter in the universe, is originally from a plasma, who began to cool, then according to the law of changes of State of matter, plasma with cooling can Des ionize into a gas, and then this gas by the cooling of the universe, it can pass to the solid state, a process known as reverse sublimation, due to the characteristics of the outer space, in it there are no the substance in the liquid state. The natural evolution of plasma in cooling is a solid ionic. Now the main solid matter composed of positive and negative ions are known as ionic crystals.

Then if all the matter in the universe originates from plasma, which is cooling, and most of the matter in the universe cannot be observed by current astronomical means, but its anisotropy in the universe, is known and its effect of lens in outer space. Now knowing the characteristics of the crystals, which are very difficult to observe them with current astronomical means, its characteristic of anisotropy and its nature of lens effect, it can be concluded that dark matter is an ionic crystal.

Nature teaches us that matter in the form of plasma can evolve into ionic crystals, and the effects of lens seen throughout the universe, although today is attributed all those predictions from the relativity effects, must be taken into account that matter Crystal, by nature is a lens, so it is possible that most of the effects lenses in the universe, are caused by matter in crystalline form.

Conclusion;

If all the ordinary matter in the universe, is in a very small proportion in the form of plasma, as was originally in its infancy, and the vast majority of this material is in state gas in the form of clouds, then it is very possible that most of the matter in the universe this in the next link in a plasma can evolve after being in a gaseous state is a solid state (crystals).

The main way to observe the dark matter is the effect of gravitational lenses, but if the greater part of the matter in the universe changes to a crystalline state, this effect of lens would not caused by relativity, but by the nature of lenses that have the matter to the be in crystalline state.

Super symmetry was created to explain an anomaly in the particles of the standard model. But today it's very difficult to think that there may be matter, out of which we know as the ordinary matter, matter that is explained by the standard model of physics, because the entire theory on the existence of different subject matter to what we know is based on a fault of particles of matter existing, now scientists have shown that this anomaly does not exist, in addition, the scientists spent much time and effort in trying to find it, and were not able to do so in the scales in that should exist.

According to this work 85% of the plasma originated in the big bang, it is invisible because it evolved into an ionic Crystal, which because of its natural characteristics as its invisibility, neutral, effect lens, and be the only subject matter that can reach absolute zero, in the cold outer space, make it the best candidate for the 85% of the invisible matter, called dark matter.